Ma hea e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā Valves: Ma nā wahi āpau!

08 Nowemapa 2017 I kākau ʻia e Greg Johnson

Hiki ke loaʻa nā valves ma nā wahi āpau i kēia lā: i loko o ko mākou mau home, ma lalo o ke alanui, ma nā hale kalepa a ma nā tausani o nā wahi i loko o nā hale hana mana a me nā hale hana wai, nā hale wili pepa, nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā hale hana kemika a me nā hale hana ʻoihana a me nā pono hana ʻē aʻe.
He ākea maoli ka ʻoihana valve, me nā ʻāpana e ʻokoʻa ana mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka wai a i ka mana nukelea a hiki i ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea ma uka a ma hope. Hoʻohana kēlā me kēia o kēia mau ʻoihana mea hoʻohana hope i kekahi mau ʻano valve maʻamau; akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa pinepine nā kikoʻī o ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā mea hana. Eia kahi laʻana:

Nā Hana Wai
I ke ao o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wai, ua aneane haʻahaʻa mau nā kaomi a me nā mahana ambient. ʻAe kēlā mau ʻoiaʻiʻo noi ʻelua i kahi helu o nā mea hoʻolālā valve i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma nā lako paʻakikī e like me nā valves mahu wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻAe ka mahana ambient o ka lawelawe wai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā elastomers a me nā sila rubber i kūpono ʻole ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻAe kēia mau mea palupalu i nā valves wai e hoʻolako ʻia e sila pono i nā kulu.

ʻO kekahi mea e noʻonoʻo ai i nā kiwikā lawelawe wai ʻo ia ke koho ʻana i nā mea hana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hao i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me nā hao ductile i nā ʻōnaehana wai, ʻoiai nā laina nui o waho. Hiki ke lawelawe maikaʻi ʻia nā laina liʻiliʻi loa me nā mea kiwikā keleawe.

ʻO ke kaomi e ʻike ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā kiwikā wai ma lalo loa o 200 psi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono nā hoʻolālā kaomi kiʻekiʻe me ka paia mānoanoa. ʻOiai ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēlā, aia kekahi mau hihia kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā kiwikā wai e lawelawe i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe, a hiki i kahi o 300 psi. ʻO ka maʻamau, aia kēia mau noi ma nā aqueducts lōʻihi kokoke i ke kumu kaomi. I kekahi manawa loaʻa pū nā kiwikā wai kaomi kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o kahi pā kiʻekiʻe.

Ua hoʻopuka ka American Water Works Association (AWWA) i nā kikoʻī e uhi ana i nā ʻano kiwikā like ʻole a me nā actuators i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi hana wai.

WAI ʻINO
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka wai inu hou e hele ana i loko o kahi hale a hale paha, ʻo ia ka wai hoʻoneoneo a i ʻole ka puka wai hoʻoneoneo. Hōʻiliʻili kēia mau laina i nā wai hoʻoneoneo a me nā mea paʻa a kuhikuhi iā lākou i kahi hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai hoʻoneoneo. Loaʻa i kēia mau hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka nui o nā paipu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā kiwikā e hana i kā lākou "hana lepo." ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā koi no nā kiwikā wai hoʻoneoneo ma mua o nā koi no ka lawelawe wai maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka puka hao a me nā kiwikā nānā nā koho kaulana loa no kēia ʻano lawelawe. Kūkulu ʻia nā kiwikā maʻamau i kēia lawelawe e like me nā kikoʻī AWWA.

ʻOihana Mana
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka mana uila i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ua hana ʻia i loko o nā hale hana mahu e hoʻohana ana i ka wahie fossil a me nā turbine wikiwiki. ʻO ka wehe ʻana i ka uhi o kahi hale hana mana hou e hāʻawi i kahi hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻōnaehana paipu kiʻekiʻe-kaomi a me ka mahana kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia mau laina nui ka mea koʻikoʻi loa i ke kaʻina hana mana mahu.

ʻO nā kiwikā puka kahi koho nui no nā noi on/off o ka mea kanu mana, ʻoiai ua loaʻa pū kekahi mau kiwikā poepoe Y-pattern no ke kumu kūikawā. Ke kaulana nei nā kiwikā poepoe hana kiʻekiʻe a lawelawe koʻikoʻi me kekahi mau mea hoʻolālā mea kanu mana a ke komo nei i loko o kēia ao i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka linear-valve.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka metallurgy no nā valves i nā noi mana, ʻoiai nā mea e hana ana ma nā pae hana supercritical a ultra-supercritical paha o ke kaomi a me ka mahana. ʻO F91, F92, C12A, me kekahi mau Inconel a me nā mea hao kila kila e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā hale hana mana o kēia lā. ʻO nā papa kaomi e komo pū me 1500, 2500 a i kekahi mau hihia 4500. ʻO ke ʻano modulating o nā hale hana mana kiʻekiʻe (nā mea e hana wale ana inā pono) e kau i kahi kaumaha nui ma nā valves a me nā paipu, e koi ana i nā hoʻolālā paʻa e lawelawe i ka hui pū ʻana o ka paipa, ka mahana a me ke kaomi.
Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka valve mahu nui, ua hoʻouka ʻia nā hale hana mana me nā pipeline kōkua, i hoʻopiha ʻia e nā ʻano valves gate, globe, check, butterfly a me ball.

Hana nā hale hana mana nukelea ma ke kumumanaʻo like o ka mahu/turbine wikiwiki. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui, ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka mahu ma kahi hale hana mana nukelea e ka wela mai ke kaʻina hana fission. Ua like nā kiwikā o ka hale hana mana nukelea me ko lākou mau hoahānau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wahie fossil, koe wale nō ko lākou moʻokūʻauhau a me ke koi hou o ka hilinaʻi piha. Hana ʻia nā kiwikā nukelea i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa, me nā palapala hōʻoia a me ka nānā ʻana e hoʻopiha ana i nā haneli o nā ʻaoʻao.

KA HANA ʻAILA A ME KE KINO
He poʻe hoʻohana nui nā lua ʻaila a me ke kinoea a me nā hale hana hana i nā kiwikā, me nā kiwikā hana kaumaha he nui. ʻOiai ʻaʻole paha e puka hou nā puʻu ʻaila e luaʻi ana i nā haneli kapuaʻi i ka lewa, hōʻike ke kiʻi i ke kaomi hiki o ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea ma lalo o ka honua. ʻO ia ke kumu e kau ʻia ai nā poʻo lua a i ʻole nā ​​​​lāʻau Kalikimaka ma luna o ke kaula lōʻihi o ka lua. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau ʻākoakoa, me kā lākou hui pū ʻana o nā kiwikā a me nā mea hana kūikawā, e lawelawe i nā kaomi a ʻoi aku ma mua o 10,000 psi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole loaʻa ma nā lua i ʻeli ʻia ma ka ʻāina i kēia mau lā, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa ma nā lua hohonu ma waho.

Uhi ʻia ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā lako Wellhead e nā kikoʻī API e like me 6A, Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā valves i uhi ʻia i loko o 6A no nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa akā i nā mahana haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa i ka hapa nui o nā lāʻau Kalikimaka nā valves puka a me nā valves globe kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo chokes. Hoʻohana ʻia nā chokes e hoʻoponopono i ke kahe mai ka luawai.

Ma waho aʻe o nā poʻo luawai ponoʻī, nui nā hale hana kōkua e hoʻopiha ana i kahi kahua aila a kinoea paha. Pono nā lako hana e mālama mua i ka aila a i ʻole ke kinoea i kekahi mau kiwikā. ʻO kēia mau kiwikā he kila kalapona i helu ʻia no nā papa haʻahaʻa.

I kekahi manawa, aia kahi wai ʻino loa—ʻo ia hoʻi ka hydrogen sulfide—i loko o ke kahawai petroleum maka. Hiki i kēia mea, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he kinoea ʻawaʻawa, ke make. No ka lanakila ʻana i nā pilikia o ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa, pono e hahai ʻia nā mea kūikawā a i ʻole nā ​​​​ʻano hana hana mea e like me ka NACE International specification MR0175.

ʻOihana Kūwaho
Aia i loko o nā ʻōnaehana paipu no nā ʻōnaehana aila ma waho a me nā hale hana hana he nui nā kiwikā i kūkulu ʻia i nā kikoʻī like ʻole e lawelawe i nā ʻano pilikia like ʻole o ka kaohi kahe. Loaʻa pū i kēia mau hale nā ​​​​loop ʻōnaehana kaohi like ʻole a me nā mea hoʻomaha kaomi.

No nā hale hana hana aila, ʻo ka puʻuwai arterial ka ʻōnaehana paipu hoʻōla aila a kinoea paha. ʻOiai ʻaʻole mau ma ke kahua ponoʻī, hoʻohana nā ʻōnaehana hana he nui i nā lāʻau Kalikimaka a me nā ʻōnaehana paipu e hana ana i nā hohonu ʻino o 10,000 kapuaʻi a ʻoi aku paha. Ua kūkulu ʻia kēia lako hana i nā kūlana he nui o ka American Petroleum Institute (API) a ua kuhikuhi ʻia i loko o kekahi mau API Recommended Practices (RPs).

Ma ka hapa nui o nā kahua aila nui, hoʻopili ʻia nā kaʻina hana hou aʻe i ka wai maka e puka mai ana mai ke poʻo luawai. ʻO kēia mau mea ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai mai nā hydrocarbons a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kinoea a me nā wai kinoea kūlohelohe mai ke kahawai wai. ʻO kēia mau ʻōnaehana paipu ma hope o ka lāʻau Kalikimaka i kūkulu ʻia i nā code paiping B31.3 o ka American Society of Mechanical Engineers me nā valves i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā kikoʻī valve API e like me API 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 a me API 609.

Loaʻa paha i kekahi o kēia mau ʻōnaehana nā puka API 6D, nā kiwikā pōpō a me nā kiwikā nānā. ʻOiai ʻo nā paipu ma ke kahua a i ʻole ka moku wili he kūloko ia o ka hale hana, ʻaʻole pili nā koi koʻikoʻi e hoʻohana i nā kiwikā API 6D no nā paipu. ʻOiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano kiwikā he nui i loko o kēia mau ʻōnaehana paipu, ʻo ke ʻano kiwikā i koho ʻia ʻo ia ka kiwikā pōpō.

Nā Paipu
ʻOiai ua hūnā ʻia ka hapa nui o nā paipu mai ka ʻike ʻana, ʻike pinepine ʻia ko lākou alo. ʻO nā hōʻailona liʻiliʻi e ʻōlelo ana "paipu ʻaila" kekahi hōʻailona maopopo o ke alo o nā paipu halihali ma lalo o ka honua. Ua lako kēia mau paipu me nā kiwikā koʻikoʻi he nui ma ko lākou lōʻihi. Loaʻa nā kiwikā pani paipu ulia pōpilikia i nā manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā kūlana, nā code a me nā kānāwai. Hana kēia mau kiwikā i ka lawelawe koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o kahi paipu inā he leaka a i ʻole ke koi ʻia ka mālama ʻana.

Ua hoʻopuehu ʻia hoʻi ma ke ala o ka paipu nā hale hana kahi e puka mai ai ke laina mai ka honua mai a loaʻa ke komo ʻana i ke laina. ʻO kēia mau kikowaena ka home no nā lako hoʻokuʻu "puaʻa", nona nā mea hana i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā paipu e nānā a hoʻomaʻemaʻe paha i ke laina. Loaʻa i kēia mau kikowaena hoʻokuʻu puaʻa kekahi mau kiwikā, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano puka a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻano pōpō. Pono nā kiwikā a pau ma kahi ʻōnaehana paipu e piha piha (wehe piha) e ʻae ai i ka hele ʻana o nā puaʻa.

Pono pū nā paipu i ka ikehu e hakakā ai i ka friction o ka pipeline a mālama i ke kaomi a me ke kahe o ka laina. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kikowaena compressor a i ʻole nā ​​​​kikowaena pamu e like me nā mana liʻiliʻi o kahi hale hana hana me ka ʻole o nā hale kiaʻi māwae kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia mau kikowaena ka home o nā ʻumi o nā kiwikā paipu puka, pōpō a me nā nānā.
Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā paipu ponoʻī e like me nā kūlana a me nā code like ʻole, ʻoiai ua hahai nā kiwikā o ka paipu i nā API 6D Pipeline Valves.
Aia kekahi mau paipu liʻiliʻi e hoʻokomo ana i loko o nā hale a me nā hale kalepa. Hāʻawi kēia mau laina i ka wai a me ke kinoea a ua mālama ʻia e nā kiwikā pani.
ʻO nā kaona nui, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ka ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e hāʻawi i ka mahu no nā pono hoʻomehana o nā mea kūʻai aku kalepa. Ua lako kēia mau laina hoʻolako mahu me nā ʻano valves like ʻole e kāohi a hoʻoponopono i ka lako mahu. ʻOiai he mahu ka wai, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā kaomi a me nā mahana ma mua o nā mea i loaʻa i ka hana mahu o ka hale hana mana. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano valves like ʻole i kēia lawelawe, ʻoiai ʻo ka valve plug hanohano he koho kaulana nō ia.

HALE HOʻOMAʻEMAʻE A ME KA PETROCHEMICAL
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā kiwikā o nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā kiwikā ʻoihana ma mua o nā ʻāpana kiwikā ʻē aʻe. Aia nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wai ʻino a i kekahi mau hihia, nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻoholo kēia mau mea i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā kiwikā e like me nā kikoʻī hoʻolālā kiwikā API e like me API 600 (nā kiwikā puka), API 608 (nā kiwikā pōpō) a me API 594 (nā kiwikā nānā). Ma muli o ka lawelawe paʻakikī i loaʻa i ka nui o kēia mau kiwikā, pono pinepine ka ʻae ʻana i ka palaho. Hōʻike ʻia kēia ʻae ʻana ma o nā mānoanoa o ka paia i kuhikuhi ʻia ma nā palapala hoʻolālā API.

ʻAneʻane hiki ke loaʻa nui ʻia nā ʻano valve nui i loko o kahi hale hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui maʻamau. ʻO ka valve puka ākea ke aliʻi o ka puʻu me ka heluna nui loa, akā ke lawe nei nā valves quarter-turn i kahi nui o kā lākou māhele mākeke. ʻO nā huahana quarter-turn e holomua ana i kēia ʻoihana (kahi i noho aliʻi ʻia e nā huahana linear) e komo pū me nā valves butterfly triple offset kiʻekiʻe a me nā valves pōpō i noho ʻia me ka metala.

Loaʻa mau nā puka pā maʻamau, nā kiwikā poepoe, a me nā kiwikā nānā i ka nui, a ma muli o ke koʻikoʻi o kā lākou hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka hana ʻana, ʻaʻole e nalo koke.
Loaʻa nā helu kaomi no nā kiwikā o ka hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe mai ka Papa 150 a i ka Papa 1500, me ka Papa 300 ka mea kaulana loa.
ʻO nā kila kalapona maʻemaʻe, e like me ka papa WCB (hoʻolei ʻia) a me A-105 (forged) nā mea kaulana loa i kuhikuhi ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā valves no ka lawelawe hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hoʻokuke ka nui o nā noi hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā palena mahana kiʻekiʻe o nā kila kalapona maʻemaʻe, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā alloys wela kiʻekiʻe no kēia mau noi. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o kēia mau mea ʻo ia nā kila chrome/moly e like me 1-1/4% Cr, 2-1/4% Cr, 5% Cr a me 9% Cr. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kila kila a me nā alloys nickel kiʻekiʻe i kekahi mau kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻino loa.

KEMIKALA
He mea hoʻohana nui ka ʻoihana kemika i nā kiwikā o nā ʻano a me nā mea hana āpau. Mai nā hale hana liʻiliʻi a hiki i nā paʻakikī petrochemical nui i loaʻa ma ke Kai Kūʻono, he ʻāpana nui nā kiwikā o nā ʻōnaehana paipu hana kemika.

ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kaomi o ka hapa nui o nā noi i nā kaʻina hana kemika ma mua o nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe he nui a me ka hana mana. ʻO nā papa kaomi kaulana loa no nā kiwikā a me nā paipu o nā mea kanu kemika ʻo ia nā Papa 150 a me 300. ʻO nā mea kanu kemika kekahi mea hoʻokele nui loa o ka lawe ʻana i ka māhele mākeke i hakakā ai nā kiwikā pōpō mai nā kiwikā linear i nā makahiki 40 i hala. ʻO ka kiwikā pōpō paʻa, me kona pani ʻole ʻana i ka leakage, he kūpono loa ia no nā noi mea kanu kemika he nui. ʻO ka nui liʻiliʻi o ka kiwikā pōpō he hiʻohiʻona kaulana nō hoʻi.
Aia nō kekahi mau hale hana kemika a me nā kaʻina hana hale hana kahi i makemake ʻia ai nā kiwikā linear. I kēia mau hihia, ʻo nā kiwikā i hoʻolālā ʻia e API 603 kaulana, me nā paia lahilahi a me nā kaumaha māmā, ʻo ia ka kiwikā puka a i ʻole ka kiwikā globe o ke koho. Hoʻokō pono ʻia ka kaohi ʻana o kekahi mau kemika me nā kiwikā diaphragm a i ʻole pinch.
Ma muli o ke ʻano ʻino o nā kemika he nui a me nā kaʻina hana kemika, he mea koʻikoʻi ke koho ʻana i nā mea. ʻO ka mea defacto ka papa 316/316L o ke kila kila austenitic. Hana maikaʻi kēia mea e hakakā i ka ʻino mai kahi pūʻulu o nā wai ʻino i kekahi manawa.

No kekahi mau noi ʻinoʻino paʻakikī, pono ka palekana hou aku. ʻO nā papa hana kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe o ke kila kila austenitic, e like me 317, 347 a me 321 i koho pinepine ʻia i kēia mau kūlana. ʻO nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa e kāohi i nā wai kemika e komo pū me Monel, Alloy 20, Inconel a me 17-4 PH.

KA HOʻOKAʻAWALE ʻANA I KA LNG A ME KE KINO
ʻO ke kinoea kūlohelohe wai (LNG) a me nā kaʻina hana e pono ai no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kinoea e hilinaʻi nei i nā paipu ākea. Pono kēia mau noi i nā kiwikā e hiki ke hana ma nā mahana cryogenic haʻahaʻa loa. ʻO ka ʻoihana LNG, e ulu wikiwiki nei ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ke nānā mau nei e hoʻomaikaʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kaʻina hana o ka liquefaction kinoea. No kēia hopena, ua nui loa nā paipu a me nā kiwikā a ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia nā koi kaomi.

Ua koi kēia kūlana i nā mea hana valve e hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻokō i nā palena paʻakikī. He mea kaulana nā valves pōpō hapaha-huli a me nā butterfly no ka lawelawe LNG, me 316ss [kila kila] ka mea kaulana loa. ʻO ANSI Class 600 ka palena kaomi maʻamau no ka hapa nui o nā noi LNG. ʻOiai ʻo nā huahana quarter-turn nā ʻano valve kaulana loa, hiki ke loaʻa nā valves puka, globe a me nā check i loko o nā mea kanu.

ʻO ka lawelawe hoʻokaʻawale kinoea e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kinoea i loko o kona mau mea kumu pākahi. No ka laʻana, loaʻa i nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale ea ka naikokene, oxygen, helium a me nā kinoea liʻiliʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke ʻano haʻahaʻa loa o ke kaʻina hana ʻo ia hoʻi he nui nā kiwikā cryogenic e pono ai.

Loaʻa i nā hale hana hoʻokaʻawale LNG a me ke kinoea nā kiwikā haʻahaʻa e pono e hana mau i kēia mau kūlana cryogenic. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, pono e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻa kiwikā mai ka wai wela haʻahaʻa ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kolamu kinoea a i ʻole ka condensing. Pale kēia kolamu kinoea i ka wai mai ka hana ʻana i kahi pōpō hau a puni ka wahi hoʻopaʻa, kahi e pale ai i ke kumu kiwikā mai ka huli ʻana a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana.

Nā Hale Pāʻoihana
Ua puni mākou i nā hale kalepa akā inā ʻaʻole mākou e hoʻolohe pono i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana, ʻaʻohe o mākou manaʻo iki e pili ana i ka nui o nā aʻa wai i hūnā ʻia i loko o ko lākou mau paia pōhaku, aniani a me ka metala.

ʻO ka wai kahi mea maʻamau i loko o kēlā me kēia hale. Loaʻa i kēia mau hale āpau nā ʻano ʻōnaehana paipu like ʻole e lawe ana i nā hui like ʻole o ka hui hydrogen/oxygen ma ke ʻano o nā wai inu, ka wai hoʻoneoneo, ka wai wela, ka wai hina a me ka pale ahi.

Mai kahi kuanaʻike ola hale, ʻo nā ʻōnaehana ahi ka mea koʻikoʻi loa. ʻAneʻane hānai ʻia a hoʻopiha ʻia ka pale ahi i loko o nā hale me ka wai maʻemaʻe. I mea e pono ai nā ʻōnaehana wai ahi, pono lākou e hilinaʻi ʻia, loaʻa ke kaomi lawa a kau pono ʻia ma loko o ka hale. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana e hoʻoikaika pono i ka wā e ahi ai.
Pono nā hale kiʻekiʻe i ka lawelawe kaomi wai like ma nā papahele kiʻekiʻe e like me nā papahele lalo, no laila pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā pamu kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā paipu e piʻi ai ka wai i luna. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana paipu maʻamau he Papa 300 a i ʻole 600, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hale. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano valve āpau i kēia mau noi; akā naʻe, pono e ʻae ʻia nā hoʻolālā valve e Underwriters Laboratories a i ʻole Factory Mutual no ka lawelawe nui ahi.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā papa like a me nā ʻano o nā kiwikā i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kiwikā lawelawe ahi no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wai inu, ʻoiai ʻaʻole paʻa loa ke kaʻina hana ʻāpono.
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana ea hoʻoluʻu kalepa i loaʻa i nā hale ʻoihana nui e like me nā hale keʻena, nā hōkele a me nā haukapila he kikowaena maʻamau. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻāpana chiller nui a i ʻole ka paila e hoʻomaʻalili a hoʻomehana paha i ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoili ʻana i ke anuanu a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana. Pono pinepine kēia mau ʻōnaehana e lawelawe i nā refrigerants e like me R-134a, kahi hydro-fluorocarbon, a i ʻole i ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana nui, ka mahu. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o nā butterfly a me nā pōpō valves, ua lilo kēia mau ʻano i mea kaulana i nā ʻōnaehana chiller HVAC.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao mahu, ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau kiwikā hapaha-huli, akā naʻe, hilinaʻi mau nā ʻenekinia plumbing i nā kiwikā puka laina a me nā kiwikā poepoe, ʻoiai inā pono nā paipu i nā wēlau butt-weld. No kēia mau noi mahu kaulike, ua pani ke kila i ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ke kila.

Hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana i ka wai wela ma kahi o ka mahu ma ke ʻano he wai hoʻoili. Hoʻolako maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana e nā kiwikā keleawe a hao paha. He mea kaulana loa nā kiwikā poepoe a me nā kiwikā pepeke i noho ʻia ma ka hapaha-turn, ʻoiai ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei kekahi mau hoʻolālā linear.

HOPENA
ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike o nā noi valve i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala i ka wā o kahi huakaʻi i Starbucks a i ʻole i ka hale o ke kupuna wahine, aia mau kekahi mau valve koʻikoʻi ma kahi kokoke. Aia kekahi mau valve i loko o ka ʻenekini o ke kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia e hiki ai i kēlā mau wahi e like me nā mea i loko o ke carburetor e kāohi ana i ke kahe o ka wahie i loko o ka ʻenekini a me nā mea i loko o ka ʻenekini e kāohi ana i ke kahe o ka gasoline i loko o nā pistons a puka hou i waho. A inā ʻaʻole kokoke kēlā mau valve i ko kākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā, e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e kuʻi mau ana ko kākou mau puʻuwai ma o nā mea hoʻomalu kahe koʻikoʻi ʻehā.

He laʻana ʻē aʻe kēia o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo: aia maoli nā valves ma nā wahi āpau. VM
Uhi ka Māhele II o kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā valves. E hele i www.valvemagazine.com e heluhelu e pili ana i ka pulp & pepa, nā noi moana, nā pā a me ka mana hydroelectric, ka lā, ka hao a me ke kila, ka aerospace, ka geothermal, a me ka hana pia a me ka distilling.

ʻO GREG JOHNSON ke pelekikena o United Valve (www.unitedvalve.com) ma Houston. He mea hoʻoponopono kōkua ʻo ia no ka VALVE Magazine, luna hoʻomalu mua o ka Valve Repair Council a he lālā papa VRC o kēia manawa. Hana pū ʻo ia ma ke Kōmike Hoʻonaʻauao & Hoʻomaʻamaʻa o VMA, he hope luna hoʻomalu o ke Kōmike Kamaʻilio o VMA a he pelekikena mua o ka Manufacturers Standardization Society.