Kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā ʻūhā: ma nā wahi āpau!

08 Nov 2017 Kākau ʻia e Greg Johnson

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā ʻea ma nā wahi a pau i kēia lā: ma ko mākou mau home, ma lalo o ke alanui, ma nā hale kūʻai a ma nā tausani o nā wahi i loko o ka mana a me nā mea kanu wai, nā wili pepa, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, nā mea kanu kemika a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe.
He ākea maoli ka ʻoihana valve, me nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa mai ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai a hiki i ka mana nuklea a hiki i ke kahawai a me ka ʻaila a me ke kinoea. Ke hoʻohana nei kēlā me kēia ʻoihana hoʻohana hope i kekahi mau ʻano kumu o nā valve; akā naʻe, ʻokoʻa loa nā kikoʻī o ke kūkulu ʻana a me nā mea hana. Eia kahi laʻana:

NA HANA WAI
I ka honua o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka wai, ʻaneʻane haʻahaʻa nā puʻe i nā manawa a pau a me nā mahana ambient. ʻO kēlā mau ʻike noiʻi ʻelua e ʻae i ka nui o nā mea hoʻolālā valve i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma nā mea paʻakikī ʻē aʻe e like me nā pahu mahu wela wela. ʻO ka mahana wela o ka lawelawe wai e hiki ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā elastomers a me nā sila palaki ʻaʻole kūpono i nā wahi ʻē aʻe. Hāʻawi kēia mau mea palupalu i nā kiwi wai e hoʻopaʻa paʻa i nā kulu.

ʻO kekahi mea e noʻonoʻo ai i nā kīwaha lawelawe wai ke koho i nā mea hana. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hao hoʻolei a me ka ductile i nā ʻōnaehana wai, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā laina anawaena o waho. Hiki ke mālama maikaʻi ʻia nā laina liʻiliʻi loa me nā mea keleawe keleawe.

ʻO nā kaomi i ʻike ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā kiwi wai ma lalo o 200 psi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole pono nā hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe o ka pā mānoanoa. ʻO ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, aia kekahi mau hihia kahi i kūkulu ʻia ai nā kiwi wai e mālama i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe, a hiki i ka 300 psi. Aia kēia mau noi ma nā aqueduct lōʻihi kokoke i ke kumu kaomi. I kekahi manawa, ʻike ʻia nā kiwi wai kiʻekiʻe ma nā wahi kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa i loko o kahi pā kiʻekiʻe.

Ua hoʻopuka ka American Water Works Association (AWWA) i nā kikoʻī e uhi ana i nā ʻano valve a me nā mea hana i hoʻohana ʻia i nā noi wai.

WAI OLE
ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao o ka wai inu hou e hele ana i loko o kahi hale a i ʻole ka hale ka wai ʻōpala a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻoheheʻe. ʻOhi kēia mau laina i ka wai ʻōpala a me nā mea paʻa a alakaʻi iā lākou i kahi hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai. Aia kēia mau mea kanu lapaʻau i ka nui o nā paipu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā kiwi e hana i kā lākou "hana lepo." ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā koi no nā ʻōpala wai maʻemaʻe ma mua o nā koi no ka lawelawe wai maʻemaʻe. ʻO ka ʻīpuka hao a me nā kiwi hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā koho kaulana loa no kēia ʻano lawelawe. Kūkulu ʻia nā valve maʻamau i kēia lawelawe e like me nā kikoʻī AWWA.

HANA MANA
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka mana uila i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i hana ʻia i nā mea kanu mahu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā turbines fossil-fuel a me ka wikiwiki. ʻO ka ʻili ʻana i hope o ka uhi o kahi mea kanu mana o kēia wā e ʻike ʻia nā ʻōnaehana paipu wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia mau laina koʻikoʻi ka mea koʻikoʻi i ke kaʻina hana mana mahu.

He koho nui nā ʻīpuka puka no nā mea kanu mana ma nā noi a i ʻole, ʻoiai ke kumu kūikawā, ʻike pū ʻia nā kiwi honua Y-pattern. Ke ulu nui nei nā ʻōleʻa pōleʻa hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka lawelawe koʻikoʻi me kekahi mau mea hoʻolālā hale mana a ke komo nei i loko o kēia honua i hoʻomalu ʻia i ka laina laina.

He mea koʻikoʻi ka metallurgy no nā valve i nā noi mana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea e hana ana i nā pae hana supercritical a ultra-supercritical o ke kaomi a me ka mahana. ʻO F91, F92, C12A, me kekahi mau Inconel a me nā mea hao kuhili ʻole i hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā mea kanu mana o kēia lā. ʻO nā papa kaomi he 1500, 2500 a ma kekahi mau mea 4500. ʻO ke ʻano modulating o nā mea kanu mana kiʻekiʻe (ʻo nā mea e hana wale ana e like me ka mea e pono ai) e kau pū ana i kahi koʻikoʻi nui ma nā valves a me nā paipu, e koi ana i nā hoʻolālā paʻa e mālama i ka hui nui o ka paikikala, ka mahana a me kaomi.
Ma waho aʻe o ka valving mahu nui, ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā mea mana me nā pipeline ancillary, i noho ʻia e ka lehulehu o nā puka, honua, nānā, butterfly a me nā ʻāpana pōpō.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu mana nuklea ma ka loina hoʻokahi o ka mahu/kiʻekiʻe-wikiwiki turbine. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa mua, ʻo ia i loko o kahi mea kanu nuklea, hana ʻia ka mahu e ka wela mai ke kaʻina fission. Ua like nā kīwī o ka mana nuklea me ko lākou mau hoahānau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mōʻalihaku, koe wale nō ko lākou moʻopuna a me ke koi hoʻohui o ka hilinaʻi loa. Hana ʻia nā kīwaha nuklea i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa, me nā palapala hōʻoia a me ka nānā ʻana e hoʻopiha ana i nā haneli o nā ʻaoʻao.

HANA AILA A ME KE KAPA
ʻO nā pūnāwai aila a me ke kinoea a me nā keʻena hana nā mea hoʻohana nui i nā valve, me ka nui o nā pahu hana kaumaha. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike hou ʻia nā ʻaila ʻaila e luaʻi ana i nā haneli he mau kapuaʻi i ka lewa, e hōʻike ana ke kiʻi i ke kaomi ʻana o ka ʻaila ma lalo o ka honua a me ke kinoea. ʻO ia ke kumu i kau ʻia ai nā poʻo punawai a i ʻole nā ​​kumu Kalikimaka ma luna o ke kaula loloa o ka luawai. ʻO kēia mau hui, me kā lākou hui pū ʻana o nā valves a me nā mea pono kūikawā, ua hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopaʻa i nā kaomi i luna o 10,000 psi. ʻOiai kakaʻikahi ka loaʻa ʻana ma nā pūnāwai i ʻeli ʻia ma ka ʻāina i kēia mau lā, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa ma nā pūnāwai hohonu o waho.

Ua uhi ʻia ka hoʻolālā lako Wellhead e nā kikoʻī API e like me 6A, Specification for Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā valve i uhi ʻia ma 6A no nā puʻe kiʻekiʻe loa akā i nā mahana haʻahaʻa. Loaʻa ka hapa nui o nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka i nā ʻīpuka puka a me nā kīwaha honua kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo chokes. Hoʻohana ʻia nā chokes e hoʻoponopono i ke kahe mai ka pūnāwai.

Ma waho aʻe o nā poʻo punawai ponoʻī, nui nā hale hana ancillary e hoʻopiha i kahi māla aila a i ʻole gas. Pono nā lako hana no ka mālama mua ʻana i ka ʻaila a i ʻole ke kinoea i ka nui o nā valve. ʻO kēia mau kiwikā he kila kalapona i helu ʻia no nā papa haʻahaʻa.

I kekahi manawa, loaʻa kahi wai ʻino loa—hydrogen sulfide—i loko o ke kahawai ʻaila maka. Hiki ke make kēia mea, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa. No ka lanakila ʻana i nā paʻakikī o ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa, pono e hahai ʻia nā mea kūikawā a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hana e like me ka NACE International specification MR0175.

HANA HANA KUWAHO
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana paipu no nā ʻaila ʻaila ma waho a me nā keʻena hana i loaʻa i ka nui o nā valves i kūkulu ʻia i nā ʻano kikoʻī like ʻole e mālama i nā ʻano paʻakikī o ka hoʻokele kahe. Aia i loko o kēia mau lako nā puka lou ʻōnaehana mana a me nā mea hoʻoluhi kaomi.

No nā hale hana ʻaila, ʻo ka puʻuwai arterial ka ʻaila aila a i ʻole ke kinoea hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana paipu. ʻOiai ʻaʻole ma luna o ke kahua ponoʻī, nui nā ʻōnaehana hana e hoʻohana i nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka a me nā ʻōnaehana paipu e hana ana i ka hohonu o 10,000 kapuaʻi a ʻoi aku paha. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mea hana i nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o American Petroleum Institute (API) a kuhikuhi ʻia i kekahi mau API Recommended Practices (RPs).

Ma ka hapa nui o nā ʻaila ʻaila nui, hoʻohana ʻia nā kaʻina hana hou i ka wai maka e hele mai ana mai ka luawai. Hoʻopili kēia i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka wai mai nā hydrocarbons a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kinoea a me nā wai kinoea maoli mai ke kahawai wai. Kūkulu ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana paipu lāʻau ma hope o ka Kalikimaka i ka American Society of Mechanical Engineers B31.3 piping code me nā kiwi i hoʻolālā ʻia e like me nā kikoʻī o ka valve API e like me API 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 a me API 609.

Hiki i kekahi o kēia mau ʻōnaehana ke loaʻa i ka ʻīpuka API 6D, ka pōleʻa a me nā kiwi. No ka mea, aia nā paipu ma luna o ka paepae a i ʻole ka moku drill i loko o ka hale, ʻaʻole pili nā koi koʻikoʻi e hoʻohana i nā kiwi API 6D no nā pipeline. ʻOiai ke hoʻohana ʻia nei nā ʻano valve he nui i kēia mau ʻōnaehana paipu, ʻo ke ʻano o ka valve koho ʻia ʻo ia ka pahu pōlele.

NA PIPILA
ʻOiai ua hūnā ʻia ka hapa nui o nā pipeline mai ka ʻike ʻana, ʻike pinepine ʻia ko lākou hele ʻana. ʻO nā hōʻailona liʻiliʻi e hōʻike ana i ka "pipeline petroleum" kahi hōʻailona maopopo o ka hiki ʻana o ka paipu kaʻa ma lalo o ka honua. Hoʻolako ʻia kēia mau paipu me nā valve koʻikoʻi i ko lākou lōʻihi. Loaʻa nā ʻūhā hoʻopaʻa pipeline pilikia i nā manawa e like me ka mea i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā kūlana, nā code a me nā kānāwai. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau valves i ka lawelawe koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kahi ʻāpana o kahi paipu i ka wā o ka leak a i ka wā e pono ai ka mālama ʻana.

Hoʻopuehu pū ʻia ma kahi ala paipu he mau hale kahi e puka mai ai ka laina mai ka lepo a loaʻa ke komo laina. ʻO kēia mau kikowaena ka home no nā mea hoʻolele "puaʻa", aia nā mea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā pipeline e nānā a hoʻomaʻemaʻe paha i ka laina. Loaʻa i kēia mau kahua hoʻolele puaʻa he nui nā valve, ʻo ka ʻīpuka a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano kinipōpō. ʻO nā valve a pau ma kahi ʻōnaehana pipeline pono e piha i ka puka (full-open) e hiki ai ke hele i nā puaʻa.

Pono pū nā paipu i ka ikehu e hakakā i ka friction o ka pipeline a mālama i ke kaomi a me ke kahe o ka laina. Hoʻohana ʻia nā puʻupuʻu compressor a i ʻole nā ​​​​pahu e like me nā ʻano liʻiliʻi o kahi mea kanu kaʻina me ka ʻole o nā hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia mau keʻena ka home o nā ʻīpuka he nui, ka pōleʻa a me ka nānā ʻana i nā pahu paipu.
Hoʻolālā ʻia nā pipeline ponoʻī e like me nā kūlana a me nā code like ʻole, aʻo nā kiwi pipeline e hahai i ka API 6D Pipeline Valves.
Aia kekahi mau paipu liʻiliʻi e hānai ana i nā hale a me nā hale kalepa. Hāʻawi kēia mau laina i ka wai a me ke kinoea a ua kiaʻi ʻia e nā kiwi pani.
Hāʻawi nā kaona nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i ka mahu no nā koi hoʻomehana o nā mea kūʻai aku kalepa. Hoʻolako ʻia kēia mau laina lako mahu me nā ʻano valves e hoʻomalu a hoʻoponopono i ka lako mahu. ʻOiai he mahu ka wai, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā kaomi a me nā mahana ma mua o nā mea i loaʻa i ka hana mahu. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano valve like ʻole i kēia lawelawe, ʻoiai ʻo ka venerable plug valve he koho kaulana.

HANA HANA A ME PETROCHEMICAL
Hoʻohana ʻia nā valve refinery no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka valve ʻoihana ma mua o nā ʻāpana valve ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe ka home o nā wai corrosive a i kekahi mau hihia, nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
Ke kuhikuhi nei kēia mau mea i ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā kiwi e like me nā kikoʻī o ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka valve API e like me API 600 (nā ʻīpuka puka), API 608 (nā kiwi pōlele) a me ka API 594 (nā pahu hoʻopaʻa). Ma muli o ka hana koʻikoʻi i loaʻa i ka nui o kēia mau valve, pono pinepine ʻia ka ʻae ʻana i ka corrosion. Hōʻike ʻia kēia haʻawina ma o ka mānoanoa nui o ka pā i kuhikuhi ʻia ma nā palapala hoʻolālā API.

Ma kahi kokoke i kēlā me kēia ʻano valve nui hiki ke loaʻa i ka nui i loko o kahi hoʻomaʻemaʻe nui maʻamau. ʻO ka ʻīpuka puka ma nā wahi a pau ʻo ia ke aliʻi o ka puʻu me ka heluna nui loa, akā ke lawe nei nā kīwī hāhā-huli i ka nui o kā lākou māhele mākeke. ʻO nā huahana hoʻololi hapahā e holomua ana i kēia ʻoihana (ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā huahana linear) e loaʻa ana nā kiwikā lele lele ʻekolu offset hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā kiwi pōpō metala.

Loaʻa ʻia nā ʻīpuka maʻamau, ka honua a me nā kīwaha nānā, a ma muli o ka puʻuwai o kā lākou hoʻolālā a me ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka hana ʻana, ʻaʻole e nalowale koke.
ʻO ka helu ʻana o ka paʻi no nā ʻūhā hoʻomaʻemaʻe e holo i ka gamut mai ka Papa 150 a i ka Papa 1500, me ka Papa 300 ka mea kaulana loa.
ʻO nā kila kalapona maʻemaʻe, e like me ka papa WCB (cast) a me A-105 (forged) nā mea kaulana loa i kuhikuhi ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i loko o nā kiwi no ka lawelawe hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Nui nā noi kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā palena wela kiʻekiʻe o nā kila kalapona maʻemaʻe, a ua kuhikuhi ʻia nā mea hoʻohui wela kiʻekiʻe no kēia mau noi. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o kēia mau mea ʻo nā kila chrome/moly e like me 1-1/4% Cr, 2-1/4% Cr, 5% Cr a me 9% Cr. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā kila kila a me nā nickel kiʻekiʻe i kekahi mau hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe paʻakikī.

KEMIIKA
ʻO ka ʻoihana kemika he mea hoʻohana nui i nā valve o nā ʻano a me nā mea āpau. Mai nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi a hiki i nā paʻipaʻi petrochemical nui i loaʻa ma ke Kai Kūʻono, ʻo nā valves kahi ʻāpana nui o nā ʻōnaehana pipili.

ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hapa nui o nā noi i nā kaʻina hana kemika ma mua o nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hana mana. ʻO nā papa kaomi kaulana loa no nā kiwi a me nā paipu mea kanu kemika, ʻo ia ka Papa 150 a me 300. ʻO nā mea kanu kemika nō hoʻi ka mea hoʻokele nui loa o ka lawe ʻana i ka māhele mākeke i hakakā ai nā kiwi pōlele mai nā kiwi laina i nā makahiki he 40 i hala. ʻO ka valve pōpō paʻa paʻa, me kāna pani pani ʻole-leakage, he kūpono kūpono no nā noi mea kanu kemika. ʻO ka nui paʻa o ka pahu pōpō he mea kaulana pū kekahi.
Aia nō kekahi mau mea kanu kemika a me nā kaʻina mea kanu kahi i makemake ʻia ai nā kiwi laina. I kēia mau hihia, ʻo nā kiwi kaulana API 603-i hoʻolālā ʻia, me nā paia ʻoi aku ka lahilahi a me nā kaupaona māmā, ʻo ia ka ʻīpuka a i ʻole ka pōpuni honua i koho ʻia. Hoʻokō maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻomalu ʻana i kekahi mau mea kemika me ka diaphragm a i ʻole nā ​​kiwi pinch.
Ma muli o ke ʻano corrosive o nā kemika he nui a me nā kaʻina hana kemika, koʻikoʻi ke koho ʻana i nā mea. ʻO ka mea defacto ka papa 316/316L o ke kila kila austenitic. Hoʻohana maikaʻi kēia mea i ka hakakā ʻana i ka ʻino mai nā wai ʻino i kekahi manawa.

No kekahi mau noi corrosive ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, pono ʻoi aku ka pale. ʻO nā māka hana kiʻekiʻe ʻē aʻe o ka austenitic stainless steel, e like me 317, 347 a me 321 ke koho pinepine ʻia i kēia mau kūlana. ʻO nā huila ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻomalu i nā wai kemika e komo pū me Monel, Alloy 20, Inconel a me 17-4 PH.

HOOLAHA LNG AME GAS
ʻO ke kinoea kūlohelohe wai (LNG) a me nā kaʻina hana e pono ai no ka hoʻokaʻawale kinoea e hilinaʻi nei i ka paipu nui. Pono kēia mau noi i nā kiwi e hiki ke hana i nā mahana cryogenic haʻahaʻa loa. ʻO ka ʻoihana LNG, e ulu wikiwiki nei ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ke nānā mau nei i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe kinoea. No kēia hopena, ua nui aʻe ka nui o nā paipu a me nā valves a ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia nā koi koi.

Pono kēia kūlana i nā mea hana valve e hoʻomohala i nā hoʻolālā e hoʻokō i nā ʻāpana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. He mea kaulana ia no ka lawelawe LNG, me 316ss [stainless steel] ka mea kaulana loa. ʻO ka papa ANSI 600 ke kaupaku maʻamau no ka hapa nui o nā noi LNG. ʻOiai ʻo nā huahana quarter-turn nā ʻano valve kaulana loa, hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea kanu ka puka, ka honua a me nā kiwi nānā.

ʻO ka lawelawe hoʻokaʻawale kinoea e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke kinoea i loko o kāna mau mea kumu. No ka laʻana, loaʻa nā ʻano hoʻokaʻawale ea i ka nitrogen, oxygen, helium a me nā kinoea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke ʻano haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ke kaʻina hana ʻo ia ka nui o nā kīwī cryogenic e koi ʻia.

Loaʻa i nā mea kanu hoʻokaʻawale ʻo LNG a me nā kinoea nā kīwaha haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e pono ke hoʻohana ʻia i kēia mau kūlana cryogenic. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, pono e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopili valve mai ka wai wela haʻahaʻa ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kinoea a i ʻole ke kolamu condensing. Mālama kēia kolamu kinoea i ka hana ʻana o ka wai i pōpō hau a puni ka wahi e hoʻopili ai, kahi e pale ai i ka huli ʻana a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumu valve.

NA HALE KALEPA
Hoʻopuni nā hale kalepa iā mākou akā inā ʻaʻole mākou e nānā pono i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana, ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike i ka nui o nā aʻa wai i hūnā ʻia i loko o ko lākou mau pā pōhaku, aniani a me ke kila.

ʻO ka wai ka mea maʻamau i loko o kēlā me kēia hale. Aia kēia mau hale a pau i nā ʻōnaehana paipu like ʻole e lawe ana i nā hui he nui o ka pūhui hydrogen/oxygen ma ke ʻano o nā wai inu, wai ʻino, wai wela, wai hina a me ka pale ahi.

Mai kahi hiʻohiʻona ola hale, ʻoi aku ka koʻikoʻi o nā ʻōnaehana ahi. ʻO ka pale ahi ma nā hale ʻaneʻane hānai ʻia a hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai maʻemaʻe. No ka maikaʻi o nā ʻōnaehana wai ahi, pono lākou e hilinaʻi ʻia, loaʻa ka paʻakikī a kūpono hoʻi i loko o ka hale. Hoʻolālā ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana e hoʻoikaika i ka manawa o ke ahi.
Pono nā hale kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohana i ka lawelawe kaomi wai ma nā papahele o luna e like me nā papa lalo no laila pono e hoʻohana ʻia nā pamu a me nā paipu kiʻekiʻe e piʻi ai ka wai i luna. ʻO ka papa 300 a i ʻole 600 paha nā ʻōnaehana paipu, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hale. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano valve āpau i kēia mau noi; akā naʻe, pono e ʻae ʻia nā hoʻolālā valve e nā Underwriters Laboratories a i ʻole Factory Mutual no ka lawelawe nui o ke ahi.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā papa like a me nā ʻano valve i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kīwaha lawelawe ahi no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka wai inu, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi ke kaʻina hana ʻae.
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana ea ea kalepa i loaʻa i loko o nā hale ʻoihana nui e like me nā hale keʻena, nā hōkele a me nā halemai e hoʻonohonoho maʻamau. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi ʻāpana chiller nui a i ʻole boiler e hoʻoluʻu a wela paha ka wai i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke anu a i ʻole ka wela kiʻekiʻe. Pono kēia mau ʻōnaehana e mālama pinepine i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe e like me R-134a, kahi hydro-fluorocarbon, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana nui, ka mahu. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka pehu a me ka pōlele, ua kaulana kēia mau ʻano i nā ʻōnaehana chiller HVAC.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka mahu, ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻāwili hapaha, akā nui ka poʻe ʻenekinia paipu e hilinaʻi mau nei i ka ʻīpuka laina a me nā kiwi honua, ʻoiai inā makemake ka paipu i nā hopena weld. No kēia mau hana mahu, ua lawe ke kila ma kahi o ka hao ma muli o ka weldability o ke kila.

Hoʻohana kekahi mau ʻōnaehana hoʻomehana i ka wai wela ma kahi o ka mahu ma ke ʻano he wai hoʻololi. Hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia kēia mau ʻōnaehana e nā pahu keleawe a hao paha. He mea kaulana loa ka poepoe noho paa hapaha a me na kiwi pepeke, oiai ua hoohana mau ia kekahi mau manao laina.

OLELO HOOLAHA
ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike o nā noi valve i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kēia ʻatikala i ka wā o ka huakaʻi i Starbucks a i ka hale o ke kupuna wahine, aia kekahi mau valve koʻikoʻi ma kahi kokoke. Aia kekahi mau pahu i loko o ka ʻenekini o ke kaʻa i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kiʻi ʻana i kēlā mau wahi e like me nā mea i loko o ka carburetor nāna e hoʻokele i ke kahe o ka wahie i loko o ka ʻenekini a me nā mea i loko o ka ʻenekini e hoʻomalu i ke kahe o ka ʻaila i loko o nā pistons a i waho. A inā ʻaʻole kokoke loa kēlā mau kiwikā i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā, e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e paʻi mau ana ko mākou naʻau ma o ʻehā mau mea hoʻokele kahe nui.

ʻO kēia kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo: aia nā valves ma nā wahi āpau. VM
ʻO ka Māhele II o kēia ʻatikala e uhi ana i nā ʻoihana hou kahi e hoʻohana ʻia ai nā kiwi. E hele i www.valvemagazine.com no ka heluhelu ʻana e pili ana i ka pulp a me ka pepa, nā noi moana, nā pā wai a me ka mana wai, ka lā, ka hao a me ke kila, ka aerospace, geothermal, a me ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana.

ʻO GREG JOHNSON ka pelekikena o United Valve (www.unitedvalve.com) ma Houston. He mea hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi ʻo ia i ka VALVE Magazine, ka luna o ka Valve Repair Council a me kahi lālā o ka papa VRC i kēia manawa. Ke lawelawe nei ʻo ia ma ke Kōmike Hoʻonaʻauao & Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana o VMA, he hope pelekikena o ke Kōmike Kūkākūkā o VMA a ʻo ia ka pelekikena o ka Manufacturers Standardization Society.